Heavy actinides—elements at the bottom of the periodic table, after plutonium—are radioactive, rare and chemically complex, making them notoriously difficult to study. Most studies conducted on these elements have traditionally been done one-compound-at-a-time or extrapolated from less toxic and non-radioactive surrogates, like lanthanides, that are safer to work with. As such, relatively little is known about the chemical properties of heavy actinides.
