What If the Universe Had No Beginning? Part 1: A Wave Function for the Universe

John Wheeler (right) with Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Bengt Strömgren, and Stefan Rozental in 1963. Wheeler co-developed the equation that treats the entire universe as a quantum object. (Public domain, Niels Bohr Library & Archives)

The equations of general relativity give up at the singularity. Decades before Stephen Hawking dared to guess what came before, John Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt built the strange mathematical machinery that would make the question askable in the first place.

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